Depression and Memory Loss

Depression can wreak havoc on your brain and memory, causing a range of cognitive issues. Recent research has shed light on the intricate ways in which depression impacts brain function and memory recall. In this article, we’ll explore how depression can affect memory and delve into the various causes of memory loss, which may or may not be related to depression. We’ll also discuss potential treatments and management strategies to address depression-related memory loss and other issues.

Brain Connections Disrupted by Depression and Structural Changes in the Brain

When grappling with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), your brain resembles a chaotic traffic jam, disrupting communication between different brain regions. This communication breakdown is particularly pronounced in areas governing emotions, memory, and decision-making, such as the thalamus, putamen, caudate, and hippocampus [9]. Depression can alter the brain’s structure and cause certain regions to shrink or deflate.

Depression also disrupts the proper development of the thalamus. This abnormal growth pattern, reflected in T1 values, can impair the thalamus’ size and structure [16]. This is like finding a structural flaw in the foundation of a building, which impacts the entire structure.

Depression’s Impact on Memory

Depression causes a disruption in brain communication and structural changes, which can lead to problems with memory [16].

Here’s how depression can affect different aspects of your memory [4, 9]:

• Hippocampal Neurogenesis (Less Brain Cell Growth): Depression can negatively impact the growth of brain cells that are crucial for memory. You can think of it as having fewer workers to construct the pathways supporting memory.
• Dopamine Dysfunction: Depression can interfere with dopamine, a neurotransmitter important for feeling happy and creating good memories. When someone with depression has anhedonia, a common symptom, they may have difficulty remembering positive experiences.
• Memory Biases: Depressed individuals tend to have poor recollection of positive memories due to their tendency to focus on negative memories. The amygdala, a part of the brain responsible for emotions, plays a key role in this biased recall of memories, especially negative ones.
• Chronic Stress and Hippocampal Damage: Chronic stress and depression can harm your brain’s hippocampus. This can lead to difficulties in remembering things and encoding them properly. Studies have shown that chronic stress can even inhibit the creation of new brain cells in the hippocampus, which makes it harder for your brain to store memories.
• Sleep Troubles: Depression can cause insomnia and disrupt sleep patterns, leading to sleep troubles. This can hinder the process of memory consolidation, which plays an important role in memory retention.

Symptoms That May Cause Memory Problems

Memory problems are common in depression, and several symptoms can make them worse:

• Insomnia: Clinical insomnia can negatively affect working memory and cognitive function. Sleep disturbances can disrupt memory consolidation, leading to poor memory [1].
• Pain, anxiety, and poor concentration: Chronic pain and anxiety can hinder memory functions, making concentrating and retaining information more challenging. The complex relationship between pain and emotions can also worsen memory processes [3].
• Memory biases: Depression often causes memory biases, impairing the ability to remember positive events. Chronic stress can sensitize the amygdala, leading to an exaggerated emotional response to negative material [4].

Types of Memory and Their Interaction with Depression

There are different types of memory, each with its own role and characteristics. These can be divided into three main categories: sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory. The explicit and implicit memory systems provide further details on their functions:

The Three Main Types of Memory:

1. Sensory Memory: Briefly holds sensory information after perception [2].
2. Short-term Memory: Temporarily stores information for immediate use [2].
3. Long-term Memory: Stores information for the long haul, including personal experiences and general knowledge [2]. 

Implicit and Explicit Memory:

Explicit (Declarative) Memory:

• Episodic Memory: Recalls specific personal experiences [2].
• Semantic Memory: Stores general knowledge and facts [2].

Implicit (Non-declarative) Memory:

• Procedural Memory: Remembers how to perform various tasks and skills [2].
• Associative Memory: Links behaviors with specific stimuli for learning and adaptation [2].
• Non-associative Memory: Influences responses to familiar events, like habituation and sensitization [2].
• Priming: Affects responses to stimuli based on previous exposures [2].

The Link Between Antidepressants and Memory Loss

A recent study looked at whether taking antidepressants could lead to memory loss in older adults over a period of six years. To everyone’s surprise, the study found no clear link between antidepressants and memory decline. This means antidepressants such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors for example, are unlikely to negatively affect memory loss in this age group [10].

Related: A Guide to Depression Medication: Everything you Need to Know About Antidepressants

Depression and Memory Loss: Exploring Multiple Causes

Memory loss can have various causes, some of which may co-occur with depression [9, 11]:

• Aging: As we age, we normally experience some degree of cognitive decline. This can lead to memory problems in older adults, which are often unrelated to depression. However, it is important to note that not everyone will experience age-related cognitive decline at the same rate, and some people may not experience any decline at all.
• Alzheimer’s Disease: Alzheimer’s is separate from depression, but it can lead to severe memory loss and cognitive impairment. Unlike age-related cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s is a progressive disease that worsens over time. It is important to differentiate between Alzheimer’s and depression because they require different treatment approaches.
• Substance Abuse: Excessive alcohol or drug use can impair memory function. Substance abuse can cause damage to the brain, which can lead to memory loss and other problems. Drug and alcohol abuse can also exacerbate depression symptoms, making it important to address both conditions simultaneously.
• Sleep Disorders: Sleep disturbances, such as sleep apnea and insomnia, can impair memory consolidation and contribute to memory problems. Sleep plays a crucial role in memory consolidation, and disruptions to sleep can interfere with this process. Treating sleep disorders can improve memory function and may also help alleviate depression symptoms.

It is important to note that memory problems can have several underlying causes, and a thorough evaluation is necessary to determine the cause of the problem. If you are experiencing memory problems, it is important to speak with a healthcare provider to determine the best course of action.

 Effects of Memory Loss and Depression-Related Memory Loss

Memory loss can be a challenging experience for those who suffer from it. It can impact their ability to perform everyday tasks, remember important information, and even maintain personal relationships. Memory loss can be a symptom of several medical conditions, including depression, Alzheimer’s disease, and other mental health issues. Here are some of the ways that memory loss can affect daily life [4, 6, 7, 9, 13, 15]: 

• Struggles in Daily Functioning: Memory issues can disrupt routines, leading to stress and frustration. People with depression may exhibit a heightened memory for negative events, complicating daily life.
• Impact on Relationships: Forgetfulness can strain personal relationships as important moments are forgotten. Cognitive challenges can exacerbate this strain, affecting loved ones’ understanding and patience.
• Work and Productivity: Memory loss can jeopardize job performance, potentially leading to difficulties at work and career setbacks. Cognitive deficits can impede job performance and advancement .
• Emotional Well-Being: Memory issues intensify feelings of frustration and helplessness, compounding the emotional burden that people with depression face. Elevated depressive symptoms may precede memory impairment, affecting emotional well-being.
• Quality of Life and Disability: Cognitive deficits limit participation in activities and reduce independence. Seeking professional help is crucial for preserving overall well-being, relationships, and daily functioning.

Treatment and Management

Addressing depression-related memory loss requires a comprehensive approach encompassing various strategies to manage depression and promote cognitive health. Here are some important strategies and depression treatments that can help individuals cope with depression-related memory loss:

• Antidepressant Therapy: Antidepressant therapy is widely used for treating mental health disorders, such as depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The most common treatment is prescribing selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This therapy works by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, which can help improve mood and cognitive function. [8]. Research has shown that individuals who receive antidepressant therapy may experience improvements in their memory and overall cognitive abilities. This is beneficial for people who are struggling with cognitive impairments resulting from mental health disorders. However, it is important to note that antidepressant therapy is not a one-size-fits-all solution, and it is important to work with a healthcare provider to determine the best treatment plan for each individual.
• Non-Pharmacological Methods: According to research, non-pharmacological methods such as Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS), exercise, nutrition, and stress management can complement traditional drug-based treatments for depression [9]. Studies have shown TMS has shown promise in improving depressive symptoms and related memory issues [5]. These non-drug approaches may provide patients with additional options for managing and treating their depression.
• Psychological Therapy: Psychotherapy for depression has been proven to be an effective tool for individuals experiencing cognitive challenges. Specifically, Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is effective in helping individuals develop coping strategies for memory problems and mental challenges. Through CBT, individuals can learn to identify negative thinking and behavior patterns contributing to their cognitive difficulties. They can then work to modify these patterns, develop new coping strategies, and improve their overall cognitive function [9].
• Holistic Care: Holistic care is a comprehensive approach to healthcare that focuses on the overall well-being of an individual. Research has shown that lifestyle changes, such as regular exercise, maintaining a healthy and balanced diet, and managing stress, can significantly enhance cognitive function and memory [9,12]. By adopting a holistic approach to care, individuals can improve their physical and mental health, improving their quality of life and increasing longevity.
• Stress Management Methods: Stress is inevitable, but it can become overwhelming and negatively impact our mental and physical health if not managed properly. Fortunately, several stress management techniques can help reduce symptoms and improve memory. Some of these methods include mindfulness meditation, yoga, and exercise. Studies have shown that these techniques can positively impact our mental well-being by decreasing stress hormones and improving cognitive function [14].

Get Help for Depression and Memory Loss

Understanding how depression affects memory is crucial for those facing cognitive challenges. By recognizing associated symptoms and embracing a comprehensive approach that includes various treatments, holistic care, and stress management techniques, people with depression can navigate potential memory loss and work towards better well-being overall.

If you or someone you know is struggling with depression or experiencing memory loss because of depression, it is essential to seek help from a mental health professional. Neuro Wellness Spa is here to provide the support and treatment you need. Our experienced psychiatrists and nurse practitioners specialize in treating depression and its associated symptoms, and through collaborative in-person and online psychiatry and medication management, TMS therapy, and in-person or online psychotherapy, our depression treatments are designed to relieve your symptoms as quickly as possible.

Our team of experts is dedicated to helping individuals regain their mental well-being and improve their quality of life. Don’t let depression and other mental health issues hold you back any longer – take the first step towards healing by reaching out to Neuro Wellness Spa today. We are here to support you on your journey to mental wellness.

References:

1. Aasvik, J., Stiles, T. C., Woodhouse, A., Borchgrevink, P., & Inge Landrø, N. (2018). The Effect of Insomnia on Neuropsychological Functioning in Patients with Comorbid Symptoms of Pain, Fatigue, and Mood Disorders. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology: the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists, 33(1), 14–23. https://doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acx040
2. Camina, E., & Güell, F. (2017). The Neuroanatomical, Neurophysiological and Psychological Basis of Memory: Current Models and Their Origins. Frontiers in pharmacology, 8, 438. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00438
3. Crofford L. J. (2015). Chronic Pain: Where the Body Meets the Brain. Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association, 126, 167–183.
4. Dillon, D. G., & Pizzagalli, D. A. (2018). Mechanisms of Memory Disruption in Depression. Trends in neurosciences, 41(3), 137–149. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2017.12.006
5. Hyde, J., Carr, H., Kelley, N., Seneviratne, R., Reed, C., Parlatini, V., Garner, M., Solmi, M., Rosson, S., Cortese, S., & Brandt, V. (2022). Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Molecular psychiatry, 27(6), 2709–2719. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-022-01524-8
6. Lohman, M. C., Rebok, G. W., Spira, A. P., Parisi, J. M., Gross, A. L., & Kueider, A. M. (2013). Depressive symptoms and memory performance among older adults: results from the ACTIVE memory training intervention. Journal of aging and health, 25(8 Suppl), 209S–29S. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898264312460573
7. Mayo Clinic (2022, May 2). Memory loss: When to seek help. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/alzheimers-disease/in-depth/memory-loss/art-20046326
8. Orgeta, V., Leung, P., Del-Pino-Casado, R., Qazi, A., Orrell, M., Spector, A. E., & Methley, A. M. (2022). Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews, 4(4), CD009125. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009125.pub3 
9. Rădulescu, A. R., Oprean, R., & Mureșan, A. (2020). Depression and the Brain: A Review of Structural and Functional MRI Studies on Depression. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9051365
10. Saczynski, J. S., Rosen, A. B., McCammon, R. J., Zivin, K., Andrade, S. E., Langa, K. M., Vijan, S., Pirraglia, P. A., & Briesacher, B. A. (2015). Antidepressant Use and Cognitive Decline: The Health and Retirement Study. The American journal of medicine, 128(7), 739–746. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.01.007
11. Trifu, S., Chirita, R., & Nastasa, C. (2018). Hippocampal volume in relation to clinical and cognitive features of late-life depression. Revista de Chimie, 69(1), 53-56.
12. Watt, J. A., Goodarzi, Z., Veroniki, A. A., Nincic, V., Khan, P. A., Ghassemi, M., Lai, Y., Treister, V., Thompson, Y., Schneider, R., Tricco, A. C., & Straus, S. E. (2021). Comparative efficacy of interventions for reducing symptoms of depression in people with dementia: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ (Clinical research ed.), 372, n532. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n532
13. Woo, Y. S., Rosenblat, J. D., Kakar, R., Bahk, W. M., & McIntyre, R. S. (2016). Cognitive Deficits as a Mediator of Poor Occupational Function in Remitted Major Depressive Disorder Patients. Clinical psychopharmacology and neuroscience: the official scientific journal of the Korean College of Neuropsychopharmacology, 14(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.9758/cpn.2016.14.1.1
14. Worthen, M., & Cash, E. (2023). Stress Management. In StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.
15. Yang, H. L., Chan, P. T., Chang, P. C., Chiu, H. L., Sheen Hsiao, S. T., Chu, H., & Chou, K. R. (2018). Memory-focused interventions for people with cognitive disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. International journal of nursing studies, 78, 44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.08.005
16. Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Ai, H., Van Dam, N. T., Qian, L., Hou, G., & Xu, P. (2022). Microstructural deficits of the thalamus in major depressive disorder. Brain communications, 4(5), fcac236. https://doi.org/10.1093/braincomms/fcac236